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Turquoise Chemistry
CuAl₆(PO₄)₄(OH)₈ ^. 5H₂0 + Fe
http://www.gemsociety.org/info/gems/turquoise.htm
The International Gem Society writes:

                                  "Chemically, turquoise is a hydrated copper/aluminum phosphate, of aggregate,
                                     cryptocrystalline structure. There is only one known deposit, in the state of Virginia,
                                     where turquoise is found in transparent to translucent visible crystals. Specimens from
                                     that locale are rare and bring a hefty price from collectors. More typically, turquoise is
                                     found as an opaque deposit in nodules, or veins within host rocks, or as shallow crusts
                                     on the surface of rocks."
                                            Color ranges through shades of blue to blue-green, to yellowish green depending
                                     on the amount of copper which adds blue, or chromium and vanadium which gives it
                                     a green hue, or iron which produces a more yellow variety.  There are also rare
                                     specimens of blue-violet color which contain strontium impurities.
                                            "In general, US mines produce slightly greenish blue, to green gems due to
                                     high iron and vanadium content. Most turquoise rough contains patches or veins of the
                                     host rock in which it formed, such as chalcedony or opal, brown limonite, black chert,
                                    or white kaolinite.  Such matrix can affect the color and toughness of the stone and its
                                    workability for the lapidary or jeweler. Relatively pure specimens of turquoise might
                                    have a hardness of around 5 and be moderately porous. In general, a high proportion
                                   of silicate minerals increases hardness and decreases the porosity, while a high content
                                   of clay minerals, has the opposite effect. On one end of this spectrum, then, we find
                                   pieces of hardness 5.5 to 6 that take a bright polish and are minimally porous, and on the
                                  other end are pieces of a soft and chalky nature with so much porosity as to be unusable
                                  without stabilization.
                                            "Turquoise occurs, usually in arid regions, where ground water percolates
                                  through aluminous rock in the vicinity of copper deposits. Like malachite, it is a
                                 secondary mineral which forms through the interaction of pre-existing minerals and their
                                 solutions. "

Know Your Stones - Buy Only Quality - Make A Smart Investment
Homer Milfred - NM BLM Report on Abandoned Mines, 1994.
http://www.indianvillage.com/turquoisegrades.htm

• High Grade Natural Turquoise: found in all shades from sky blue to apple green. It is the hardest grade and takes the best polish.
  The contrast between the color of turquoise and the color of matrix {or mother rock} enhances the beauty of each stone. Many
  mines produce distinctive stones whose origin can be identified by an experienced person. 
  
• Enhanced turquoise: The Zachery or Foutz process impregnates turquoise with vaporized quartz. This makes the stone harder,
  darkens the color and takes a good polish. This process is hard to detect by normal methods because quartz occurs naturally
  with some turquoise.
  
• Stabilized or Treated Turquoise: American manufacturers have perfected a process using pressure and heat to fill the
  microscopic gaps in the stone with plastic resin. When cured the product is a treated stone hard enough to cut and polish.
  Most nugget and some heishi products are made from real turquoise that has been stabilized. Stabilization allows genuine
  but lower grade turquoise to be used in jewelry.
  
• Wax Treated: Much of the turquoise from China is wax impregnated. The paraffin treatment deepens and stabilizes the color
  but only affects the surface.
  
• Reconstituted: This term describes pulverized turquoise scrap from stone cutting mixed with blue dye and plastic binder.
  Most products marketed under this name should really by labeled as simulated “block”. Compressed Nugget is a similar
  product made from larger pieces.
  
• Block: A mixture of plastic resin and dyes that is produced in loaf sized blocks. We used to call this reconstituted because
  we were told it was made from ground up turquoise scraps. In reality there is no actual rock of any sort in block turquoise;
  it is entirely man-made and should be labeled “simulated”. Block is produced in many colors, simulating many different
  stones and shells. Except for occasional batches of Lapis Block that contain ground up iron pyrite, these are entirely simulated.
  Block is used heavily for inlay and heishi.
  
• Dyed Stones: There are several naturally occurring stones that look similar to turquoise when they are dyed blue. These include
  Howlite, a white rock with black or gray markings, and Magnite or Magnesite, a chalky white mineral that forms in rough
  nodules looking faintly like the vegetable cauliflower. Other simulations include glass, plastic, faience ceramic and polymer clay.
  
                                             BEWARE - Treated, Blue-Dye impregnated stones.
    Watch out for stones that are "too uniformly blue", especially    when they are advertised as a
    "silica" (not a turquoise) and mention the color to be a   "deeply saturated blue".  Much of the
    turquoise from China is wax impreganted.  Chalky lower grade turquoise is treated with a plastic resin
    or epoxy under pressure.  An artifical blue color is added over time.   Interstingly, untreated
    turquoise will turn green over time, whereas turquoise that has been treated will not.  If a
    stone has been treated, it may emit a plastic smell when heated. For more information, go to
    http://www.eaglerocktradingpost.com/turquoise.htm#50640043   and
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquoise    Ask where your turquoise comes from.  Compare it with
    the samples shown here to judge its authenticity.
  
   
  

Blue Diamond Turquoise - Near Battle Mountain, Nevada. 50 miles north of Austin, Nevada. The turquoise came from many very small deposits.  These stones have a smokey or blotchy black matrix.  This mine is now closed  and buried under tons of rock.   http://www.usturquoise.com/    $250  $226                         http://turquoisebuffalo.com/page/TBG/PROD/j_bd/SPA99 $667 http://turquoisebuffalo.com/page/TBG/PROD/j_bd/SBA15

Blue Gem Mine - near Battle Mountain, Nevada.  Starting in 1934, this mine produced turquoise that occasionally combined bright blues, greens and brown in the same stone.  These colorful combinations are rare and highly valued by collectors.  The mine has been closed for twenty years.    The deepest regions of the mine tended to have the deepest blue stones. See - http://www.e-pueblo.com/products/turquoise.shtml http://www.redstreakdesigns.com/turquoise%20files/turquoise/turquoise.html http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/mineinfo2.html      http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/categorypages/turqroughmix3.html   http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/categorypages/nevadamines.html                  http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/mineinfo2.html http://www.durangosilver.com/Nevadaturquoisemines.htm   $239 - http://www.silversun-sf.com/custom/items/e137.htm   $704 -  http://www.silversun-sf.com/custom/items/b126.htm                         http://www.skystonetrading.com/item.asp?ItemID=31556         $1,618  http://turquoisebuffalo.com/page/TBG/PROD/blue-gem/GJ80    Blue Ice - Nevada.  Blue Ice Turquoise is from a new find discovered last year by a prospector named   William Murdoch, here is what he said "I found this near Yerington, Nevada and named it partly because it looked   like blue ice and partly because I had to break through a layer of ice to get to it."     (Source: http://www.durangosilver.com/Nevadaturquoisemines.htm    Blue June - Northern Nevada.    See http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/minepage/minestory.html         Blue McGinness - Nevada.     $2.50/Ct   http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/categorypages/nevadamines.html    Blue Thunder  -  "An exceptionally fine and beautiful turquoise. Intense, vivid blue interspersed    with amazing Redish/Brown matrix in a very intricate spiderweb pattern. This Blue Thunder turquoise    with was found in very minimal quantity in the early 1980’s and is very seldom seen today. It is highly   sought after by high end contemporary jewelers and collectors, and are rarely available."      ( Source: http://www.durangosilver.com/Nevadaturquoisemines.htm )     Blue Thunder    - The stones from here are a combination of turquoise and chrysicola in the same rock.    See - http://www.durangosilver.com/Nevadaturquoisemines.htm     Blue Wind - "Probably one of the finest, most unknown Nevada spiderwebs ever. There was very little of      this stone to come out ...Deep blue with a black spiderweb... A Spider web second only to Lander Blue!      http://www.durangosilver.com/Nevadaturquoisemines.htm    Bonanza - Nevada.                  I remember seeing lots of turquoise that looked like this in the early 1970s.  I loved the wild     mix of colors.  At the time these sold for under 25 cents to 60cents a carot.  The collection of stones     here is offered at http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/store/82/store.php                 Broken Arrow - In Canelaria Mining area outside of Mina, Nevada.     This is Veracite mixed with Turquoise.   http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/categorypages/turqroughmix3.html   $60.  Ebay.       Turquoise with Variscite.                                    http://turquoisebuffalo.com/page/TBG/PROD/broken-arrow/SPA169 http://stores.ebay.com/Durango-Silver-Company    Bunker Hill - See Royston. Esmeralda County of Nevada.     http://nevada-outback-gems.com/Finish_turq_jewel/premium_turquoise_rings.htm

    Candelaria Area, Nevada - 50 miles west of Tonopah.  These stones have an irregular, non-webbed, black
    or brown matrix.  The blue is duller and the matrix lacks definition.. It is readily available now.
    See http://www.e-pueblo.com/products/turquoise.shtml    Some of them are extraordinarily fine.  Look
    at how deep blue the spider-webbed stone below is.  Green verascite often comes from the same mines and the stones
    are often a mix.  Verscite is actually rarer than turquoise and takes a bright polish. .
       
   http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/minepage/minestory.html

    See spider web images at  
    http://www.redstreakdesigns.com/turquoise%20files/turquoise/turquoise.html
    http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/mineinfo3.html
    Candelaria Hills http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/minepage/minestory.html

             
    Potosi Gold-Silver Mine in Esmeralda County, NV.
    See  http://nevada-outback-gems.com/turquoise_cabs/cut_turquoise_Candelaria.htm        http://www.usturquoise.com/

    $338                             
   http://www.skystonetrading.com/item.asp?ItemID=31474       http://www.skystonetrading.com/item.asp?ItemID=31469
   
  
   
   

  
   http://www.skystonetrading.com/items.asp?type=TradJewelry&orderby=New

  The Candelaria mine also produced some beautiful  green tuequoise.
  The stones below sell for about $1/ct at http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/store/121/store.php
 
     
   

Carico Lake #6. Not currently a producing mine.   This mine is in Lander County, Nevada.  The
  bright, clear, iridescent green is fresh, Spring-like.  This is due to its zinc content.  Carico is primarily a gold
  producing mine, but individual turquoise miners may lease parts of it. There are actually a number of important
  turquoise mines in the Carico Lake area: Red Mountain, Blue Elephant, Nevada Blue and Northern Lights.
  The Aurora is the largest mine.  When prices rose in the 1970s, large scale mining was initiated and very
  large quantities of turquoise was brought to the market.
  For more details at   http://nevada-outback-gems.com/Nevada_turq_mines/turquoise_mines_of_nevada.htm  
  See - http://www.e-pueblo.com/products/turquoise.shtml
  http://www.nevadagem.com/pages/mineinfo3.html

          Lime green tuequoise (also called Fausite, though it is turquoise)
          was not as popular in the 1970s as Blue stones were.  ( http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/minepage/minestory.html )

                       
   
     
                                                       http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/store/116/store.php

      
   http://www.turquoiseamerica.com/minepage/minestory.html